The Pen Proves Mightier than the Chicotte: Le Roi Souverain Tombe

congo father

Mac Mckinney: King Leopold, ever the unscrupulous businessman and con artist, now sensed that it was time to hold a transfer of sale to a decidedly captive customer, his own homeland, Belgium. If he had to relinquish the Congo, he would at least replenish his coffers doing so.

Why the Democratic Republic of Congo Is a Failed State

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Georgianne Nienaber: Throughout DRC’s history, the ruling elites have antagonized ethnic groups by supporting regional strong men who plunder resources — sowing confusion, fear and insecurity in the process. No sense of statehood could possibly arise out of an exploitive system that continues to this day.

The Pen Proves Mightier than the Chicotte: Full Scale War

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Mac McKinney: King Leopold’s Free Congo ship of state was now beginning to take on water, so he had little left to do but man the pumps, plug the leaks and counterattack by every means available.

Congo: The Pen Proves Mightier than the Chicotte — Assaulting Leopold’s Castle Walls

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Mac McKinney: Most valuable among his informants were American, British, and Swedish missionaries, who could often evade the Congo Free State’s growing web of heavy censorship because they had their own steamboats and couriers.

The Pen Proves Mightier than the Chicotte: 1st Battle

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Mac Mckinney: This had really been the first battle in what would evolve into a relentless and global propaganda war, and Williams was really the first martyr in the Good Cause of wrestling the Congo from Leopold’s “talons” through the power of the pen.

Congo: The Horror Crescendos

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Mac Mckinney: In the 1880s, scores of restless, often unsavory Europeans and other adventurers with appetites for quick wealth stumbled into the Congo in response to the colonial call to “civilize” and develop this unknown territory.

The Horror Begins: Forward to the Past in the D.R. Congo

king leopold

Mac McKinney: Even before the Congo Free State was formally inaugurated on August 1st, 1985, de Winton went about disenfranchising as many native inhabitants as possible from their traditional lands.

Le Roi-Souverain of the Congo Free State

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Mac McKinney: King Leopold II could actually be characterized as an arguable prototype for various 20th Century, disreputable political stereotypes such as egomaniac dictators, racist imperialists, Orwellian Double-Speakers several decades before Orwell was even born

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